terça-feira, 18 de maio de 2010

Urânio - O que é e como enriquecê-lo - Faça você mesmo!!


Claro, jovem Padawan, que o título é piada. Você não pode enriquecer urânio em sua casa. Não custa falar. Se você por um acaso conseguir:


Um monte de pessoas me perguntam sobre Urânio e Urânio enriquecido agora. Talvez curiosidade devido a essa crise (talvez eu meta o pitaco depois), ou então, são loucos e não tem nada para fazer. Mas aproveitando a deixa, vamos esclarecer sobre o Urânio.

O Urânio (assim nomeado em homenagem ao sétimo planeta) é um actinídeo, de símbolo U e número atômico 92.  Foi descoberto em 1798 pelo alemão Martin Heinrich Klaproth e foi o primeiro elemento onde se verificou a propriedade da radioatividade.

É o último elemento natural da tabela periódica e quando puro, é sólido, metálico e radioativo. Possui aspecto cinza a branco-prateado. A imagem abaixo mostra o minério de urânio.




O urânio encontrado na natureza possui dois isótopos em sua constituição: o isótopo U-238 (99,28%) e o U-235 (0,71%). O U-235 é o que interessa. Quando se fala em Urânio enriquecido, na verdade o que se quer é o urânio com uma porcentagem MAIOR de isótopos U-235 (que tem um grande poder de fissão  nuclear - físsil) em sua constituição. Por isso vocês ouviram falar de urânio 5%, 20% e o 90%. Segue um vídeo do excelente blog Tabela Periódica, que traduziu para o português os vídeos do Periodic Videos. O vídeo mostra duas figurinhas (prestem atenção no layout do professor velinho e na sala dele..louco!) que comentam sobre o Urânio.



Pó amarelado de urânio ( yellowcake - mais fácil de transportar para as usinas)


Para enriquecer o urânio é necessário separar a maior parte do urânio físsil do não-físsil. Para realizar esta separação existem alguns processos, entre elas a famosa ultra-centrifugação. Para fazer isso, é necessário primeiro criar o gás hexafluoreto de urânio, meigamente conhecido como "hex". Para isso se mistura o urânio  em pó com o ácido fluorídrico e mais algumas etapas obscuras. Depois disso, o gás é centrifugado. Durante a centrifugação, o isótopo U-238 (mais pesado) vai para a parede da centrífuga. O U-235, mais leve, permanece no centro. Abaixo as famosas centrífugas:


Claro, nem todos se comportam dessa maneira. Por devem existir várias centrífugas e várias etapas de centrifugação. Notaram que são vários tubinhos na foto? Cada um deles é uma centrífuga. Depois que ocorre a centrifugação, o gás do centro da centrífuga é extraído e voilá! Ele tem um percentual maior de U-235 mas..mas é bem pouquinho. Quase nada. Então, se repete o processo de centrifugação, o U-235 fica no centro, retira-se o gás e voilá novamente! Um gás mais concentrado. Mas apenas um pouquinho mais. Repete-se tudo de novo. Para terem uma idéia, mais de três mil centrífugas são necessárias para enriquecer o urânio para uso em artefatos nucleares. As centrífugas são um problema, pois precisam girar em velocidades absurdas (mais de 100.000 rpm), necessitando de uma mecânica bem avançada. Claro, depois o gás é convertido novamente para o estado sólido, para uso. 

Urânio altamente enriquecido (não tem a porcentagem)



O problema (que não é tão problema) é que quanto mais enriquecido, mais fácil de enriquecer. De 0,7% para 4% é difícil. De 4% para 20% não é tanto, e de 20% para 90% e mais fácil ainda. Quando maior a concentração, menos isótopos tem que ser descartados durante a centrifugação. O descarte, o urânio U-238 chamado de urânio empobrecido é muito denso (mais ou menos 67% mais que o chumbo), e é utilizado em lastro para aeronaves, projéteis, etc. Mas o U-238 é tóxico, sendo mutagênico, leucogênico e neurotóxico.


Projétil de urânio empobrecido.



O urânio enriquecido a 3% é suficiente para reatores que produzem energia. O enriquecimento a 20% serve para pesquisas científicas, tratamento oncológicos, na produção de isótopos, para energia em reatores de pesquisa e de submarinos etc. O enriquecido a 95%, é para catábum (primeira foto do post).


Técnico checando contaminação durante o abastecimento de urânio no reator de Angra 2


Quem quiser informações mais técnicas sobre o enriquecimento de urânio no Brasil podem ser lidas aqui ou aqui, na página das Indústrias Nucleares Brasileiras.

No Brasil o urânio é extraído na mina de Caetité, Bahia. Ainda existe urânio no Ceará, Paraná e Minas Gerais. O governo brasileiro, porém, só realizou prospecções em 25% do solo brasileiro. O nosso país tem a sétima reserva mundial do elemento. O urânio é processado em Rezende Resende, RJ. (grato Anônimo)

Mina de Caetité



Para finalizar com algumas curiosidades, Urânia para os gregos era uma das nove musas, sendo responsável pela Astronomia. Também da mitologia grega vem o Deus do céu Urano, responsável por gerar Cronos, o Pai de Zeus e dos outros deuses mais conhecidos.

Urânia, na fachada do Observatório do Instituto de Física da UFRGS.



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117 comentários:

  1. Nossa gostei muito da explicação. Li tudo e posso dizer que está bem detalhado e dá para todo mundo entender um pouquinho desse assunto que está sendo tão debatido ultimamente em todas as mídias.

    Muito bom o blog. Virei sua seguidora.


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  2. Eu já sabia algma coisinha... Amanhã eu já terei esquecido, cm eu esqueci oq aprendi no ens. médio! ashauhasuhauhasu
    Só posos dizer uma coisa sobre esse ataque de bondade do governo brasieliro: as intenções são muito mais politicas q humanitárias e é claro q nosso "querido" Lula tá é de olho num lugarzinho na ONU! ¬¬

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  3. Moço, depois desse explicação tão detalhada e ao mesmo tempo interessante, assim fica fácil, tô até com medo! Rsrs

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  4. amei seu blog viu.
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  5. Urânio parece muito com Curry e mais ou menos com cural de milho...(mais sem a canela.Eu adoro canela...)

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  6. Não da mesmo pra cultivar em casa? :/
    hahahahaha!
    Muito bom teu texto, os outros post's também, a montagem do batman é muito divertido!
    Sou sua seguidora, topa alguma parceria? Falamos de futebol, especificamente do INTER (Porto Alegre), com uma pitadinha de humor, sem agressões a outros times, só diversão!
    Desde já agradeço!
    Bjoooo :*

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  7. Grato pelos comentários pessoal. Fiquem a vontade para aparecer. Só não responsabilizem a Trincheira por acidentes nucleares em casa. E sim, o minério parece Curry, o sabor só é mais explosivo! (não resisti..:=D) Gigante me deixou em uma posição delicada...

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  8. Muito bom o post, agora posso falar de resoluções diplomáticas e qnd o chato da sala me perguntar (denovo) sobre o urânio enriquecido saberei responder.


    Ganhou mais uma seguidora.

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  9. Agora entendo por que eles não querem o irã enriquecendo urânio a 20%

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  10. Muito bacana! Apesar de todo mundo ouvir falar de Energia Nuclear, pouquíssima gente conhece de fato sua origem. Dá pra contar nos dedos quem sabia tudo isso sobre o enriquecimento do Urânio. Interessante sua iniciativa.

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